你好!我是你的英语老师。在中学英语语法中,省略句(Elliptical Sentences) 是一个“小身材、大能量”的考点。它不仅在口语中频繁出现,更是高考语法填空、完形填空以及短文改错中的“常客”。
省略的原则是:删掉重复,保留核心,结构完整,意思明确。
下面我为你系统梳理了中高考关于省略句的所有核心考点。
一、 简单句中的省略(口语高频)
在日常对话中,为了简洁,常省略主语、谓语或宾语。
| 省略成分 | 示例 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 省略主语 | (I) Thank you. / (It) Doesn't matter. | 常见于固定谢语或回应。 |
| 省略主谓 | (Is there) Anything else? / (Are you) Hungry? | 疑问句中常用。 |
| 省略宾语 | — Do you know the answer? — Sorry, I don't know (it). |
宾语在语境中已明确。 |
二、 并列句中的省略(结构对称)
当 and, but, or 连接两个并列分句时,后一句与前一句相同的成分通常省略。
- 结构公式: A + 相同成分 + B + (省略相同成分)
- 例句:
- My father works in a bank and my mother (works) in a hospital.
- Some people like tea, others (like) coffee.
三、 状语从句中的省略(高考核心考点 ★★★)
这是高考最常考的知识点。当状语从句(when, while, if, unless, though, as if 等引导)同时满足以下两个条件时,从句的主语和 be 动词可以省略:
1. 从句主语与主句主语一致(或从句主语是 it);
2. 从句谓语含有 be 动词。
1. 结构化总结表
| 引导词 | 省略后的结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| When / While | + doing / done | While (he was) walking in the street, he met an old friend. |
| If / Unless | + done / adj. | If (it is) possible, please let me know. / Unless (you are) invited, don't go. |
| Though / Although | + adj. / done | Though (he was) tired, he kept working. |
| As if / As though | + doing / done | He acted as if (he were) drunk. |
【名师点睛 · 考试陷阱】
陷阱: 忽视主语一致性。
* 错误:While walking in the street, a car hit him. (Walking的主语是人,而主句主语是car,不一致,不能省略)
* 正确:While he was walking in the street, a car hit him.
四、 宾语从句中的省略
- 引导词 that 的省略: 在及物动词后的宾语从句中,
that常可省略。但在多个从句并列时,第一个that可省,第二个that不可省。- I know (that) he is honest and that he is brave.
- if / whether 的省略: 仅在
I wonder if/whether...等少数口语回应中省略。
五、 不定式 to 的省略(高频易错点 ★★★)
不定式的省略分为“省动词留 to”和“省 to 留动词”两种情况。
1. 保留 to,省略动词(避免重复)
常用于 expect, hope, wish, mean, try, want, would like, afford, refuse 等动词后。
| 情况 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 一般情况 | — Would you like to go with me? — I'd love to (go with you). |
| 否定形式 | — Why didn't you tell him? — I meant not to. |
| 含有 be/have | — Are you a teacher? — No, but I used to be. (be不可省) |
2. 省略 to,保留动词
- 使役/感官动词: 一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三让(make, let, have)、四看(see, watch, notice, look at)。
- I saw him cross the road. (主动省 to,被动要还原 to:He was seen to cross the road.)
- Why not... 结构: Why not go (省略 to) there?
- Help: help (to) do sth. (to 可省可不省)
六、 虚拟语气中的省略(高考高阶)
在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中,若含有 were, had, should,可省略 if,并将这三个词提前至句首(倒装)。
- 原句: If I were you, I would go.
- 省略句: Were I you, I would go.
- 原句: If he had seen the film, he would have been moved.
- 省略句: Had he seen the film, he would have been moved.
七、 常见的固定省略搭配(背诵清单)
这些短语在完形填空中极易出现:
- If so / If not: 如果这样的话 / 如果不的话。
- If any: 如果有的话(表示数量)。
- Correct errors, if any.
- If necessary: 如果有必要。
- Whatever / Whenever possible: 无论何时/何地可能。
- So / Neither / Nor + 助动词 + 主语: 表示“也一样/也不一样”。
💡 老师给你的复习建议:
- 判定法: 看到
When/While/If后面直接接doing或done时,立刻在大脑中还原主语和be动词,检查逻辑是否通顺。 - 不定式陷阱: 记住
to be和to have中的be和have是不能省的。- He isn't a member of the club, but he wants to be. (不能只写 to)
- 被动还原: 记住“感官/使役动词”在主动语态省
to,变成被动语态必须把to补回来。
希望这份讲义能帮你攻克省略句!如果有具体的题目不理解,随时问我。