你好!我是你的英语老师。在中学英语学习中,“被动语态”是中高考的必考点,但很多同学往往会“过度使用”被动语态。
实际上,英语中有一大批动词绝对不能用于被动语态。这不仅是语法填空的常考陷阱,也是短文改错的高频考点。今天我们把这些“拒绝被动”的动词一网打尽。
专题:拒绝“被动”——不能用于被动语态的动词全归纳
一、 核心逻辑:为什么不能用被动?
被动语态的本质是“宾语变主语”。因此,没有宾语的动词(不及物动词)以及某些表示状态的及物动词,天然无法转换成被动语态。
二、 四大类“禁区”动词(结构化总结)
1. 不及物动词(Vi.)—— 考试最高频
这类动词本身没有动作承受者,中高考最常考查“发生、出现、消失”。
| 类别 | 核心动词/短语 | 错误示例 (❌) | 正确表达 (✅) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 发生 | happen, occur, take place | The accident was happened. | The accident happened. |
| 出现/消失 | appear, disappear | He was disappeared suddenly. | He disappeared suddenly. |
| 存在/保持 | exist, remain, lie | The problem is remained. | The problem remains. |
| 爆发 | break out | The war was broken out. | The war broke out. |
| 升降 | rise, fall | The price was risen. | The price rose. |
名师点睛:
* happen / take place 是高考语法填空的“常客”,看到它们,脑子里立刻反应:无被动,无进行(通常不考进行时)。
* take place 常指“按计划发生”,happen 指“偶然发生”。
2. 系动词(Link Verbs)
系动词连接主语和表语,描述主语的状态,而非动作,因此没有被动语态。
| 类别 | 核心动词 | 易错点拨 |
|---|---|---|
| 感官系动词 | look, sound, smell, taste, feel | 翻译成“听起来、闻起来”,自带被动意味。 |
| 变化系动词 | become, get, turn, grow, go | 表示“变得...”,不能说 is become。 |
| 持续系动词 | keep, stay, remain | 表示“保持...状态”。 |
| 表象系动词 | seem, appear | 表示“似乎、好像”。 |
避坑指南:
很多同学受中文影响,想表达“这花被闻起来很香”,写成 The flower is smelled sweet. (❌)
正确: The flower smells sweet. (✅)
3. 表示“状态、拥有、归属”的及物动词
虽然这些词是及物动词(后面接宾语),但它们描述的是静态关系,而非动态行为。
| 核心动词 | 含义 | 典型例句 |
|---|---|---|
| have | 拥有 | I have a car. (不说 A car is had by me.) |
| belong to | 属于 | The book belongs to me. (不说 is belonged to) |
| suit / fit | 适合 | The blue suit suits you well. |
| cost | 花费 | The bike cost me 500 yuan. |
| lack | 缺乏 | They lack experience. |
| resemble | 像 | He resembles his father. |
| hold / contain | 容纳/包含 | The hall holds 500 people. |
4. 特殊用法:主动形式表被动意义
这是一类“披着主动外衣”的被动用法,是高考英语的高阶考点。
| 动词 | 使用条件 | 范例 |
|---|---|---|
| read, write, sell, wash, wear, lock, cut | 当主语是物,且带有 well, easily, smoothly 等修饰语,说明主语的属性/质量时。 | This pen writes smoothly. (这笔好使) |
| want, need, require | 表达“需要被...”时,后接 doing。 | Your hair needs cutting. (= to be cut) |
| be worth | 表达“值得做...” | The book is worth reading. (不说 being read) |
三、 易混淆点辨析(对比表)
在考试中,有些词长得很像,一个有被动,一个没被动,必须死记硬背:
| 词对 | 自动词(无被动 ✅) | 他动词(有被动 ✅) |
|---|---|---|
| 升/举 | rise (The sun rises.) | raise (The flag is raised.) |
| 躺/放 | lie (He lay on the bed.) | lay (The egg was laid by the hen.) |
| 坐 | sit (He sat there.) | seat (Please be seated. / He was seated.) |
四、 考试陷阱与提分口诀
1. 避坑指南
- 陷阱1: 看到 "by..." 就想用被动。
- 误: The accident was happened by chance.
- 正: The accident happened by chance. (happen 绝对无被动)
- 陷阱2: 汉语思维干扰。
- 误: My money is run out.
- 正: My money has run out. (run out 是不及物短语,无被动;但 use up 有被动)
2. 提分口诀(名师原创)
发生出现不被动, (happen, occur, take place, appear, disappear)
系动词后接表语, (look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem)
拥有属于和适合, (have, belong to, suit, fit)
主动形式表被动。 (read, sell, wash, write + well/easily)
五、 实战演练(中高考真题模拟)
- Great changes __ (take place) in my hometown in the past ten years.
- The food in this restaurant __ (taste) delicious; you should try it.
- The dictionary __ (belong) to me. Please give it back.
- This kind of cloth __ (wash) very well and lasts long.
【答案解析】
1. have taken place (take place无被动,根据in the past ten years用现在完成时)
2. tastes (感官系动词无被动)
3. belongs (belong to无被动,无进行)
4. washes (wash well表示属性,主动表被动)
老师寄语: 掌握“不能用被动”的动词,核心在于识别不及物动词。在做题时,先判断动词词性,再考虑语态,就能避开 90% 的陷阱!