你好!我是你的英语老师。在中学英语学习中,副词(Adverbs) 就像是句子的“调味剂”和“修饰师”,它能让表达更精准、生动。
在考卷中,副词常出现在词性转换(语法填空)、完形填空以及短文改错中。今天我们系统梳理副词的核心用法。
第一部分:副词的功能与分类
副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
1. 副词分类表(高频考点)
| 类别 | 常用词 | 考试重点 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间副词 | now, then, recently, already, yet, soon | 时态搭配(如already用于完成时) |
| 地点副词 | here, there, everywhere, upstairs, abroad | 后面不加介词(go abroad) |
| 频度副词 | always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never | 句中位置(实前助后) |
| 程度副词 | very, much, quite, rather, too, enough, fairly | 修饰形容词/副词的强弱 |
| 方式副词 | carefully, happily, fast, well, hard | 描述动作“如何”进行 |
| 疑问/连接副词 | when, where, why, how | 引导从句或疑问句 |
第二部分:副词的构成(词性转换必考)
大多数副词由形容词加 -ly 构成,但变化规则需牢记:
2. 形容词变副词规则表
| 规则 | 形容词 | 副词 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般情况直接加 -ly | quick / slow | quickly / slowly | 最常见 |
| 以 y 结尾(辅音+y) | happy / heavy | happily / heavily | 去y变i加ly |
| 以 le 结尾 | gentle / terrible | gently / terribly | 去e加y |
| 以 ic 结尾 | energetic / basic | energetically | 加ally |
| 以 ll 结尾 | full / dull | fully / dully | 只加y |
| 特殊变化 | good | well | 必背! |
⚠️ 避坑指南(易错点):
有些词以-ly结尾,但它们是形容词而非副词!
* friendly (友好的), lovely (可爱的), lonely (孤独的), lively (活泼的), silly (愚蠢的)
* 用法: 不能说 He treats me friendly. (×)
* 正确: In a friendly way. (√)
第三部分:副词在句中的位置
副词的位置比较灵活,但考试中有固定规律:
- 修饰形容词/副词: 通常放在被修饰词之前。
- It is extremely cold today.
- 频度副词: 遵循“实前助后”原则。
- 放在实义动词之前:I always help others.
- 放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后:She is often late.
- 方式副词: 通常放在动词之后或句末。
- He runs fast. / She speaks English fluently.
- 程度副词 enough: 必须放在被修饰词之后(中高考高频陷阱)。
- Old enough (√) / Enough old (×)
第四部分:易混淆副词辨析(考试重难点)
这是中高考最喜欢在完形填空中考察的内容,请务必区分“同源异义”副词。
3. 易混副词对比表
| 单词对 | 含义区别 | 考试陷阱 |
|---|---|---|
| hard / hardly | hard (努力地/猛烈地) / hardly (几乎不) | hardly表示否定,反义疑问句要注意 |
| late / lately | late (迟/晚) / lately (最近 = recently) | lately常用于完成时 |
| wide / widely | wide (睁/开得大) / widely (广泛地) | open wide (张大嘴) vs widely used |
| high / highly | high (具体高度) / highly (高度地/抽象评价) | speak highly of (高度赞扬) |
| deep / deeply | deep (具体深度) / deeply (深深地/抽象) | deeply moved (深受感动) |
| near / nearly | near (在附近) / nearly (几乎/差不多) | nearly 相当于 almost |
第五部分:副词的比较等级
副词比较级的变化规则与形容词基本一致。
- 单音节副词: 加
-er / -est(fast → faster → fastest)。 - 多音节副词(-ly结尾): 加
more / most(slowly → more slowly → most slowly)。 - 不规则变化(必背):
- well → better → best
- badly → worse → worst
- far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
- little → less → least
- much → more → most
第六部分:名师点拨(考试陷阱总结)
-
系动词后用形容词,不用副词:
- 感官动词 (look, sound, smell, taste, feel) 后面接形容词。
- The flower smells sweet (√). 不要被中文“闻起来香地”误导选sweetly。
-
“助动词 + 副词 + 过去分词” 结构:
- 在语法填空中,如果空格在 be 动词和动词ed形式之间,通常填副词。
- The work was successfully (success) finished.
-
修饰比较级的副词:
- 只有特定的程度副词可以修饰比较级:much, even, a lot, a bit, a little, far, still。
- Very 不能修饰比较级!(× very better → √ much better)
💡 课后小练:
用括号内所给词的正确形式填空:
1. The girl danced _ (beautiful) at the party.
2. I can _ (hard) understand what he said.
3. You should speak _ (loud) so that everyone can hear you.
4. He is _ (enough old) to go to school.
答案:
1. beautifully (修饰动词)
2. hardly (语境:几乎不能理解)
3. louder (语境:更响亮一点,隐含比较)
4. old enough (enough后置)
希望这份讲义能帮你攻克副词考点!如果有具体题目不明白,随时问我。