你好!我是你的英语老师。定语从句(The Attributive Clause)是中高考英语的“重头戏”,也是很多同学最容易丢分的地方。
为了帮你彻底攻克这一难关,我将定语从句中最容易出错、最常考的知识点进行了结构化梳理。请你像读地图一样去理解这些逻辑。
专题:定语从句常见易错点与考试陷阱
核心逻辑回顾
- 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词。
- 关系词:连接从句,并在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语、定语、状语)。
易错点一:关系代词 vs. 关系副词(最常考陷阱)
【陷阱说明】 很多同学看到先行词是地点(place)就选 where,看到时间(time)就选 when。这是错误的!
【黄金法则】 不看先行词,看从句缺不缺成分。
| 情况 | 判定标准 | 选用关系词 |
|---|---|---|
| 从句缺主语或宾语 | 先行词在从句中做动词的宾语或主语 | 关系代词:that / which / who |
| 从句不缺主语或宾语 | 先行词在从句中做状语(时间/地点/原因) | 关系副词:when / where / why |
对比表:
| 句子 | 分析 | 结论 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| This is the museum __ I visited last year. | visit是及物动词,缺宾语。 | 填 which/that |
| This is the museum ____ I worked last year. | work是不及物动词,从句不缺主语宾语。 | 填 where |
易错点二:只能用 that,不能用 which 的情况
【高频考点】 中考必考,高考常作为干扰项。
| 记忆口诀 | 具体情况 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 三“不定” | 先行词是不定代词 (all, much, little, none, something, anything...) | All that can be done has been done. |
| 两“最高” | 先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时 | This is the best film that I've seen. |
| 一“特殊” | 先行词既有人又有物时 | They talked about the people and things that they saw. |
| 四“限定” | 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时 | This is the very book that I am looking for. |
| 避重复 | 句首是 Which 开头的疑问句时 | Which is the car that was made in China? |
易错点三:只能用 which,不能用 that 的情况
【易错提醒】 很多同学习惯了 that,但在以下两种情况使用 that 必错。
- 非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开):
- Wrong: He failed the exam, that made his mother angry.
- Right: He failed the exam, which made his mother angry. (which指代前面整件事)
- 介词提前时(介词 + 关系代词):
- Wrong: This is the room in that I live.
- Right: This is the room in which I live.
易错点四:“介词 + 关系代词”中介词的选择
【考试难点】 高考语法填空常考。
【判定三部曲】
1. 看从句动词的搭配:Listen to the music $\rightarrow$ The music to which I listened...
2. 看先行词的搭配:On the day $\rightarrow$ The day on which he arrived...
3. 看句意逻辑:The tool with which he fixed the bike... (用这个工具)
易错点五:whose 的用法陷阱
【易错点】 认为 whose 只能指代人。
【纠正】 whose 既可以指代人,也可以指代物(相当于 of which)。
- 指人: I know the boy whose father is a doctor.
- 指物: I live in a room whose window ( = the window of which) faces south.
易错点六:as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
【高考高阶考点】 两者都可以指代“前面一整件事”。
| 关系词 | 位置 | 含义/语境 |
|---|---|---|
| as | 可位于句首、句中、句末 | 意为“正如...”,常用于 as is known, as we expected |
| which | 只能位于句中或句末 | 意为“这(件事)...”,对前面内容进行补充说明 |
- Example: As is known to all, China is a developing country. (不能用which)
- Example: He came late, which made the teacher unhappy. (不能用as,因为没有“正如”的意思)
易错点七:定语从句中的主谓一致
【陷阱说明】 关系代词做主语时,从句谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。
- One of + 名词复数 + 定语从句:从句谓语用复数。
- He is one of the students who are late. (先行词是students)
- The only one of + 名词复数 + 定语从句:从句谓语用单数。
- He is the only one of the students who is late. (先行词是the only one)
💡 老师的提分建议(避坑指南):
- 做题第一步:圈出先行词。 明确它是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。
- 做题第二步:划出从句。 检查从句是否完整。
- 缺主/宾 $\rightarrow$ 选
that/which/who/whom - 不缺主/宾 $\rightarrow$ 选
when/where/why或介词+which
- 缺主/宾 $\rightarrow$ 选
- 警惕“定语从句”与“同位语从句”混淆:
- 定语从句:
that在从句中充当成分(指代先行词)。 - 同位语从句:
that在从句中不充当成分(仅起连接作用,解释先行词内容)。
- 定语从句:
希望这份总结能帮你精准避坑!如果有具体的题目拿不准,随时问我。