关系代词 that / which / who

你好!我是你的英语老师。在中学英语语法中,定语从句(Attributive Clause)是中高考的“重头戏”,而关系代词则是掌握定语从句的钥匙。

今天我们专门攻克最核心的三个关系代词:that, which, who


第一部分:基础入门——关系代词的功能与选择

关系代词在定语从句中承担两个任务:
1. 连接作用:连接主句和从句。
2. 替代作用:替代先行词,并在从句中担任某个成分(主语或宾语)。

【核心对比表】

关系代词 指代对象 在从句中充当的成分 备注
who 主语、宾语 指人时的首选
which 主语、宾语 指物时的首选
that 人 或 物 主语、宾语 万能代替,但有限制

老师提醒: 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,在口语和非正式考试中通常可以省略


第二部分:高频考点——that 与 which 的“生死时速”

这是中高考最爱考的陷阱区。虽然 that 和 which 都能指代物,但在很多情况下,它们不能互换。

1. 只用 that,不用 which 的情况(高频必背!)

记忆口诀:“首序不定最高级,两个先行人加物”

规则分类 示例
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰 This is the best film that I have ever seen.
先行词是不定代词 (all, much, little, none, everything, anything, nothing) Is there anything that I can do for you?
先行词被 only, very, last, just 修饰 This is the only book that belongs to me.
先行词既有人又有物 They talked about the teachers and schools that they visited.
主句以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句 (避免重复) Which is the car that was made in China?

2. 只用 which,不用 that 的情况

规则分类 示例
在非限制性定语从句中 (有逗号隔开) Football, which is a popular sport, is played worldwide.
紧跟在介词后面时 (介词+which) This is the room in which I lived last year.

第三部分:易混辨析——who vs. that (指人时)

虽然 that 可以指人,但在以下情况,who 是唯一或更佳的选择:

  1. 先行词是 those, one, he, anyone, someone 时
    • Example: Those who want to go please raise your hands.
  2. 在非限制性定语从句中(有逗号)
    • Example: My uncle, who is a doctor, is very kind.
  3. 为了避免重复(当主句中有 that 时):
    • Example: That is the man who saved the boy.

第四部分:中高考常见陷阱(易错点标注)

陷阱 1:主谓一致问题(高频!)

当关系代词作从句主语时,从句谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词
* 错误: I like the books that is interesting.
* 正确: I like the books that are interesting. (先行词 books 是复数)

陷阱 2:成分多余

关系代词已经替代了先行词,从句中不能再出现代词指代先行词。
* 错误: This is the book which I bought it yesterday. (it 多余)
* 正确: This is the book which I bought yesterday.

陷阱 3:介词提前

当介词提前到关系代词前时,只能用 which (指物) 或 whom (指人),绝对不能用 that
* 错误: The house in that I live is small.
* 正确: The house in which I live is small. / The house that I live in is small.


第五部分:实战提炼(结构化总结)

定语从句解题“三步法”:
1. 找先行词:看它是人、是物、还是人+物?
2. 看从句成分:缺主语还是缺宾语?(缺宾语可省略)
3. 查特殊限制:是否有“只能用 that”或“只能用 which”的特殊标志?


老师寄语:

掌握 that/which/who 的关键在于观察先行词的“修饰语”(如 only, best 等)以及从句的“结构”(是否有逗号,是否有介词)。在做题时,养成先圈出先行词的习惯,你的正确率会大大提升!

下一课预告: 关系副词 when/where/why 与关系代词的终极PK。加油!