你好!我是你的英语老师。在中学英语语法中,定语从句(Attributive Clause)是中高考的“重头戏”,而关系代词则是掌握定语从句的钥匙。
今天我们专门攻克最核心的三个关系代词:that, which, who。
第一部分:基础入门——关系代词的功能与选择
关系代词在定语从句中承担两个任务:
1. 连接作用:连接主句和从句。
2. 替代作用:替代先行词,并在从句中担任某个成分(主语或宾语)。
【核心对比表】
| 关系代词 | 指代对象 | 在从句中充当的成分 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语、宾语 | 指人时的首选 |
| which | 物 | 主语、宾语 | 指物时的首选 |
| that | 人 或 物 | 主语、宾语 | 万能代替,但有限制 |
老师提醒: 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,在口语和非正式考试中通常可以省略。
第二部分:高频考点——that 与 which 的“生死时速”
这是中高考最爱考的陷阱区。虽然 that 和 which 都能指代物,但在很多情况下,它们不能互换。
1. 只用 that,不用 which 的情况(高频必背!)
记忆口诀:“首序不定最高级,两个先行人加物”。
| 规则分类 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰 | This is the best film that I have ever seen. |
| 先行词是不定代词 (all, much, little, none, everything, anything, nothing) | Is there anything that I can do for you? |
| 先行词被 only, very, last, just 修饰 | This is the only book that belongs to me. |
| 先行词既有人又有物 | They talked about the teachers and schools that they visited. |
| 主句以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句 (避免重复) | Which is the car that was made in China? |
2. 只用 which,不用 that 的情况
| 规则分类 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 在非限制性定语从句中 (有逗号隔开) | Football, which is a popular sport, is played worldwide. |
| 紧跟在介词后面时 (介词+which) | This is the room in which I lived last year. |
第三部分:易混辨析——who vs. that (指人时)
虽然 that 可以指人,但在以下情况,who 是唯一或更佳的选择:
- 先行词是 those, one, he, anyone, someone 时:
- Example: Those who want to go please raise your hands.
- 在非限制性定语从句中(有逗号):
- Example: My uncle, who is a doctor, is very kind.
- 为了避免重复(当主句中有 that 时):
- Example: That is the man who saved the boy.
第四部分:中高考常见陷阱(易错点标注)
陷阱 1:主谓一致问题(高频!)
当关系代词作从句主语时,从句谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。
* 错误: I like the books that is interesting.
* 正确: I like the books that are interesting. (先行词 books 是复数)
陷阱 2:成分多余
关系代词已经替代了先行词,从句中不能再出现代词指代先行词。
* 错误: This is the book which I bought it yesterday. (it 多余)
* 正确: This is the book which I bought yesterday.
陷阱 3:介词提前
当介词提前到关系代词前时,只能用 which (指物) 或 whom (指人),绝对不能用 that。
* 错误: The house in that I live is small.
* 正确: The house in which I live is small. / The house that I live in is small.
第五部分:实战提炼(结构化总结)
定语从句解题“三步法”:
1. 找先行词:看它是人、是物、还是人+物?
2. 看从句成分:缺主语还是缺宾语?(缺宾语可省略)
3. 查特殊限制:是否有“只能用 that”或“只能用 which”的特殊标志?
老师寄语:
掌握 that/which/who 的关键在于观察先行词的“修饰语”(如 only, best 等)以及从句的“结构”(是否有逗号,是否有介词)。在做题时,养成先圈出先行词的习惯,你的正确率会大大提升!
下一课预告: 关系副词 when/where/why 与关系代词的终极PK。加油!