你好!我是你的英语老师。今天我们来攻克定语从句中非常关键、也是中高考必考的三个关系副词:where, when, why。
很多同学在做题时会纠结到底选 which 还是 where,选 that 还是 when。通过本节课的结构化梳理,你会发现只要掌握了“成分分析法”,这些难题都会迎刃而解。
第一部分:核心考点思维导图
关系副词在定语从句中主要承担两个任务:
1. 连接作用:连接主句和从句。
2. 成分作用:在从句中充当状语(时间、地点或原因状语)。
| 关系副词 | 先行词类别 | 在从句中充当的成分 | 对应“介词+which”结构 | 考频等级 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| when | 时间 (time, day, year...) | 时间状语 | at / in / on / during + which | ★★★★ |
| where | 地点 (place, city, house...) | 地点状语 | in / at / to / from + which | ★★★★★ |
| why | 原因 (reason) | 原因状语 | for which | ★★★ |
第二部分:深度解析与对比
1. when 指代时间
- 用法:先行词是表示时间的词,且从句中不缺主语或宾语。
- 例句:I will never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.
- 解析:we met 是完整结构,需要时间状语。
2. where 指代地点(含抽象地点——高考重难点)
- 用法:先行词是表示地点的词。
- 例句:This is the hotel where (=in which) we stayed last summer.
- 【名师点睛·高考陷阱】抽象地点:
当先行词是 point, case, situation, stage, position, activity 等词,且从句中缺状语时,习惯用 where 引导。- 例题:We are in a situation where we need to make a quick decision. (我们正处于一种需要快速做决定的境地。)
3. why 指代原因
- 用法:先行词通常只有 the reason。
- 例句:The reason why (=for which) he was late was that he missed the bus.
第三部分:【核心大招】如何区分“关系代词”与“关系副词”?
这是中高考最常考的陷阱。很多同学看到 the place 就选 where,看到 the time 就选 when,这是错误的!
判断标准:看从句中是否缺少主语或宾语。
| 步骤 | 观察从句成分 | 结论 | 选用引导词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一步 | 从句缺主语或宾语 | 需用关系代词 | which / that |
| 第二步 | 从句不缺主语或宾语(缺状语) | 需用关系副词 | where / when / why |
对比练习(助你一眼识破陷阱):
-
组一:地点词
- This is the museum which/that we visited yesterday. (visit 缺宾语 $\rightarrow$ 用代词)
- This is the museum where we worked last year. (work 是不及物动词,不缺宾语 $\rightarrow$ 用副词)
-
组二:时间词
- I'll never forget the time which/that I spent in Beijing. (spend 缺宾语 $\rightarrow$ 用代词)
- I'll never forget the time when I first traveled to Beijing. (travel 不缺宾语 $\rightarrow$ 用副词)
第四部分:易错点与考试陷阱总结
陷阱 1:the reason 后面一定用 why 吗?
不一定! 还是要看成分。
* This is the reason why he left. (从句不缺主宾,用 why)
* This is the reason which/that he gave me. (gave 后面缺直接宾语,用 which/that)
陷阱 2:介词的省略与还原
关系副词 = 介词 + which。在填空题中,如果空格前已经有了介词,绝对不能再填 where/when/why。
* (误) The house in where I live is old.
* (正) The house where I live is old.
* (正) The house in which I live is old.
陷阱 3:先行词是 way (方式)
当先行词是 the way 时,定语从句的引导词有三种选择:
1. in which
2. that
3. 省略
* 例句:I don't like the way (that / in which) he speaks to his mother.
第五部分:名师总结口诀
定从引导词,成分是关键。
先行词是人,who/whom/that 见。
先行词是物,which/that 站中间。
若缺主宾语,代词是首选。
若缺时间地,when/where 补完全。
reason 缺状语,why 在后边连。
抽象地点 point/case,where 莫等闲。
【课后小练】
请尝试填入正确的引导词:
1. I still remember the day _ I joined the army.
2. I still remember the day _ we spent together in the countryside.
3. This is the very case _ the law applies.
(答案:1. when; 2. which/that; 3. where)
希望这份讲义能帮你彻底掌握关系副词!如果有任何疑问,欢迎随时提问。