你好!我是你的英语老师。在中学英语语法中,定语从句是中高考的“重头戏”,而 that 与 which 的区别则是其中最常考、最易混淆的知识点。
为了帮你彻底攻克这一难关,我将该知识点系统化地整理为以下四个模块。建议你收藏并反复研读。
第一模块:核心概念对比表
在引导定语从句修饰“物”时,that 和 which 多数情况下可以互换,但在以下特定情境中,必须“二选一”。
| 类别 | 只用 that,不用 which | 只用 which,不用 that |
|---|---|---|
| 先行词特征 | 1. 不定代词 (all, everything...) 2. 被最高级/序数词修饰 3. 被 the only, the very 等修饰 4. 既有人又有物 |
1. 指代前面整个句子 |
| 从句结构 | (无特殊结构限制) | 2. 介词之后 (Prep. + which) |
| 从句类型 | 仅限限制性定语从句 | 3. 非限制性定语从句 (有逗号) |
| 避免重复 | 句中已有 which 时 | 句中已有 that 时 |
第二模块:深度解析——只用 that 的 5 种高频情况
这是中考的必考点,也是高考语法填空的常客。
- 先行词为不定代词时
- 当先行词是 all, much, little, few, none, anything, everything, nothing 等时。
- 例:All that can be done has been done. (所有能做的都做了。)
- 先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时
- 例:This is the best film that I have ever seen. (这是我看过最好的电影。)
- 例:The first thing that you should do is to wash your hands. (你该做的第一件事是洗手。)
- 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时
- 例:He is the only person that I can trust. (他是我唯一能信任的人。)
- 先行词既有人又有物时
- 例:They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. (他们谈论了访问过的老师和学校。)
- 疑问词开头为 Which 时(避免重复)
- 例:Which is the book that you bought yesterday? (哪本是你昨天买的书?)
第三模块:深度解析——只用 which 的 3 种核心情况
这是高考定语从句的核心考点,尤其是“非限制性定语从句”。
- 引导非限制性定语从句(前面有逗号)
- that 永远不能引导非限制性定语从句。
- 例:The football match was put off, which made us very disappointed. (足球赛推迟了,这让我们很失望。)
- 介词提前时(介词 + which)
- that 前面不能直接加介词。
- 例:This is the room in which ( = where) I lived last year. (这是我去年住的房间。)
- 先行词本身是 that 时(避免重复)
- 例:What's that which is under the table? (桌子下面那个是什么?)
第四模块:考试陷阱与易错点拨
1. 陷阱:the same... as vs. the same... that
- the same... that: 指“同一个物体”(同一性)。
- the same... as: 指“同类物体”(相似性)。
- 对比:
- This is the same watch that I lost. (这就是我丢的那块表。——原物找回)
- This is the same watch as I lost. (这块表和我丢的那块一模一样。——买了个同款)
2. 陷阱:先行词是 those 时
- 当先行词是 those 指代“物”时,通常用 which。
- 例:Those which are on the desk are mine. (桌子上的那些是我的。)
3. 陷阱:that 在从句中作宾语可省略,which 则视情况而定
- 在限制性定语从句中,that/which 作宾语时均可省略。
- 但在非限制性定语从句中,which 绝对不能省略。
💡 老师的“背诵口诀”
只用 that 不用 which,六种情况要牢记:
不定代词(all/everything)在其中,
序数、最高(级)紧跟后,
the only, very, same, last,
人物混杂(人+物)that 忙,
疑问 which 开头时,that 结尾免重复。只用 which 不用 that,两种情况最常见:
逗号之后(非限)必选它,
介词后边(in/at which)莫选 that。
【课后小练】
请尝试翻译并填空:
1. This is the very book _ I am looking for.
2. He failed the exam, _ surprised all of us.
3. I have nothing __ is important to tell you.
(答案:1. that; 2. which; 3. that)
希望这份总结能帮你理清思路!如果有任何疑问,随时提问。